PENGARUH BAHASA GAUL DALAM PERKEMBANGAN BAHASA INDONESIA

Perkembangan zaman dan teknologi informasi telah menggiring kaum muda untuk berkomunikasi dengan caranya sendiri, hingga bisa mengancam bahasa Indonesia.

"Bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar pun jadi korbannya dan kalau mau menggunakan bahasa Indonesia total saja. Jangan dicampur dengan bahasa rekaan sendiri atas nama bahasa gaul," kata Ketua Program Studi Indonesia Universitas Indonesia, Maria Josephine Mantik, di Jakarta, Sabtu (9/10).

Dijelaskan Maria, bahasa Indonesia adalah identias bangsa, karenanya tidak pantas perkembangan zaman dan perubahan teknologi komunikasi menggerusnya. Terlebih dasarnya hanya, atas dasar pergaulan.

Pergeseran itu tampak di kalangan remaja, utamanya saat mengirim pesan singkat via telepon seluuler atau berkomunikasi di dunia maya melalui akun Facebook.

Salah satu contoh bahasa komunikasi mereka yang dikatakan bahasa gaul adalah dengan menyingkat huruf dengan angka dalam sebuah kata.

Sebagai contoh kata Maria, "9ax aneh kok ay..slmet ya mo9a lan99eng. amHIen". Kalimat itu artinya, "nggak aneh kok Ay,selamat ya semoga langgeng. Amin."

Bahasa gaul atau yang kerap disebut bahasa "alay", menurut Maria, baik. Asal dikendalikan, jangan kebablasan seperti sekarang ini, setiap saat mempergunakan bahasa gaul, tidak lagi melihat tempat dan momennya.

Untuk itulah diskusi ini digelar sebagai peringatan kepada anak muda untuk tidak terus menerus bercakap dengan bahasa gaul karena bahasa itu bisa merusak tata bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar.

Menurut Maria, munculnya bahasa gaul terjadi karena dinamika kehidupan masyarakat. Kemajuan teknologi komunikasi yang pesat turut mendorong perkembangan bahasa. Ditambah lagi dengan kemunculan situs jejaring sosial di dunia maya.

Awal tahun 2000 kata Maria, menjadi titik penting,dikenalnya istilah bahasa gaul, terutama di kalangan anak muda.

Masyarakat pengguna media internet memanfaatkan bahasa gaul untuk berkomunikasi secaraonline. Akhirnya penggunaan bahasa gaul tumbuh dengan subur di dunia maya.

Bahasa gaul atau "alay" berkembang karena remaja atau anak muda ingin diakui statusnya di dalam pergaulan. Karena itulah, mereka rela mengubah gaya bicara, mimik, bahasa tulisan, bahkan sampai mengubah gaya berpakaiannya.

Untuk mengendalikan itu semua, peran orangtua, keluarga, pengajar, dan masyarakat sangat dibutuhkan. Jika tidak, penggunaan bahasa "alay" itu akan merusak penggunaan tata bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa lainnya," papar Maria.

Saat ini, tambah Maria, pengetahuan kaum muda, termasuk mahasiswa dalam penggunaan bahasa Indonesia sangat minim, ini diketahui saat mereka membuat makalah atau presentasi. Banyak mahasiswa yang tidak mengerti penggunaan tata bahasa Indonesia karena kerap menggunakan bahasa "alay" dalam percakapan sehari-hari.

Sementara itu pengamat komunikasiDian Budiargo menuturkan, penggunaan bahasa "alay" bisa menyebabkan pembentukkan pemahaman yang mengkristal di kaum muda. Hal ini dikhawatirkan akan merusak tatanan bahasa Indonesia.

"Seperti kata lu dan gue, jika dua kata itu digunakan antar teman tidak akan menjadi masalah. Namun jika digunakan pada acara formal, maka akan muncul anggapan rendahnya tingkat profesionalisme seseorang dalam suatu hubungan kerja," ujar Dian.

Untuk menghindari makin hilangnya pemahaman kaum muda dan masyarakat tentang bahasa Indonesia adalah perlunya ditanamkan kesadaran dan pemahaman membedakan penggunaan bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar sesuai konteks," tutur Dian.

Dian mengimbau kepada masyarakat termasuk pendidik untuk menjaga dan melestarikan bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa yang utama dan penting sebagai warga negara Indonesia.

"Di era global, penguasaan bahasa asing tetap diperlukan. Namun yang lebih penting adalah menjadikan bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa utama. Sehingga kekhawtairan kita akan buramnya penggunaan bahasa Indonesia di media digital yang dianggap tidak baik dan tidak benar tidak akan terjadi," terang Dian.

NOUN CLAUSE and CONJUNCTION

Pengertian Noun Clause

Noun clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai nomina. Karena fungsinya sebagai nomina, maka noun clause dapat menduduki posisi-posisi berikut:

1. Subjek kalimat (subject of a sentence)
2. Objek verba transitif (object of a transitive verb)
3. Objek preposisi (object of a preposition)
4. Pelengkap (complement)
5. Pemberi keterangan tambahan (noun in apposition)

Contoh Noun Clause :


1. Noun Clause sebagai Subjek Kalimat ( subject of a sentence )

• What you said doesn’t convince me at all.
• How he becomes so rich makes people curious.
• What the salesman has said is untrue.
• That the world is round is a fact. 

2. Noun Clause sebagai Verba Transitif ( Object of a Transitive verb )

• I know what you mean.
• I don’t understand what he is talking about.
• He said that his son would study in Australia 

3. Noun Clause Sebagai Preposisi ( object of a Preposition )

• Please listen to what your teacher is saying.
• Budi pays full attention to how the native speaker is pronouncing the English word
• Be careful of what you’re doing. 

4. Noun Clause sebagai Pelengkap ( Completment )

• The good news is that the culprit has been put into the jail.
• This is what I want.
• That is what you need.

5. Noun Clause sebagai Pemberi Keterangan Tambahan ( Noun in Apposition )

• The idea that people can live without oxygen is unreasonable.
• The fact that Rudi always comes late doesn’t surprise me.

 

Noun Clause Exercise

Find out the noun clauses in the following sentences and state what purpose they serve.
1.    The king ordered that the traitor should be put to death.
2.    He said that he would not go.
3.    That he is not interested in the offer is known to us.
4.    He said that he was not feeling well.
5.    I cannot rely on what he says.
6.    I don’t know where he has gone.
7.    He asked whether the servant had polished his shoes.
8.    The news that he is alive has been confirmed.
9.    The belief that the soul is immortal is almost universal.
10.    It is certain that we will have to admit defeat.
11.    It was fortunate that he was present.
12.    The report that only ten persons were killed in the riots is not true.
Answers
1.    Here the noun clause ‘that the traitor should be put to death’ is that object of the verb ordered.
2.    Here the noun clause ‘that he would not go’ is the object of the verb said.
3.    Here the noun clause ‘that he is not interested in the offer’ is the subject of the verb is.
4.    Here the noun clause ‘that he was not feeling well’ is the object of the verb said.
5.    Here the noun clause ‘what he says’ is the object of the preposition on.
6.    Here the noun clause ‘where he has gone’ is the object of the verb know.
7.    Here the noun clause ‘whether the servant had polished his shoes’ is the object of the verb asked.
8.    Here the noun clause ‘that he is alive’ is in apposition to the noun news.
9.    Here the noun clause ‘that the soul is immortal’ is in apposition to the noun belief.
10.    Here the noun clause ‘that we will have to admit defeat’ is in apposition to the pronoun it.
11.    Here the noun clause ‘that he was present’ is in apposition to the pronoun it.
12.    Here the noun clause ‘that only ten persons were killed in the riots’ is in apposition to the noun report.

  

CONJUNCTION

   A.  Pengertian

A conjunction (conj/cnj) merupakan salah satu macam kata yang menghubungkan 2 item (kata, kalimat, frasa, atau  klausa) secara bersama-sama.

Dalam bahasa Indonesia ‘conjunction’ disebut juga sebagai kata penghubung, perangkai, ataupun kata sambung.

    B.     Bentuk-bentuk conjunctions/ kata penghubung

1.   Coordinating conjunction

Coordinating conjunctions, juga dipanggil ‘coordinators’, merupakan kata penghubung yang menghubungkan dua atau lebih kata, klausa, ataupun kalimat, yang mempunyai bentuk sintaksis (aturan dalam hal pembuatan kalimat) yang sama. Contoh-contoh kata penghubung coordinating yaitu: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. Untuk memudahkan dalam menghafalnya biasa disingkat FANBOYS.

 Arti dan contoh dalam kalimat:

a.    For yang berarti ‘karena.’

 Contoh: Imamsyah Al-Hadi always keeps the lights on, for he is afraid of sleeping in the dark.

Kata ‘for’ lebih umum digunakan sebagai preposition/kata depan yang bermakana ‘untuk.’

Contoh:A chew is used for cutting wood.

b.   And yang berarti ‘dan.’

Contoh: My sister lives in South Sulawesi, and my brother lives in North Sulawesi.

Perhatikan:

·      Muh. Rifqi enjoys lerning English, and he enjoys playing football.

·      Muh. Rifqi enjoys learning English and playing football.

(S + V) + koma ( S + V)

c.    Nor yang berarti ‘dan.’

Contoh: Ali doesn’t enjoy learning English , nor does he enjoy football. [kalimat negatif]

d.   But yang berarti ‘tetapi.’

Contoh:

·      Muh. Imran enjoys learning English, but he doesn’t enjoy playing football.

·      My shoes are old but comfortable.

e.    Yet yang berarti ‘namun.’

Contoh: Muh. Imran enjoys learning English, yet he doesn’t enjoy playing football.

f.    Or yang berarti ‘atau.’

Contoh:

·      Next month I will go to my hometown, or I may just stay in Makassar.

·      Next month I will go to my hometown or may just stay in Makassar.

g.      So yang berarti ‘jadi/ oleh karena itu.’

Contoh: I have a dream to go abgroad, so I have to study English more.

2.   Correlative conjunction

Correlative conjunctions, juga biasa disebut ‘paired conjunctions’,  merupakan kata penghubung yang berpasangan yang menyerasikan atau melaraskan 2 item (kata, kalimat, frasa, atau  klausa). Contohnya: both…and;  not only…but also; either…or; neither…nor.

 Arti dan contoh dalam kalimat:

a.    Both…and yang beramakna ‘keduanya’

Contoh: Both Muh. Syihab and Muh. Hasan basri are the members of New Generation Club.

Dua subjek yang dihubungkan oleh ‘both…and’ adalah berbentuk jamak.

b.   Not only…but also yang bermakna ‘tidak hanya…tapi juga’

Contoh:

·      Not only my sister but also my brother is in Makassar.

·      Not only my sister but also my brothers are in Makassar.

Ketika ada dua subjek yang dihubungkan oleh not only…but also, either…or, or neither…nor’ maka subject yang lebih dekat dengan kata kerja yang akan menentukan apakah kata kerjanya berbentuk tunggal atau jamak.

c.    Either…or yang bermakana ‘baik…atau/juga’

Contoh:

·      Either my sister or my brother is in Makassar.

·      Either my sister or my brothers are in Makssar.

d.   Neither…nor yang bermakna ‘baik…maupun…tidak’

Contoh:

·      Neither my sister nor my brother is in Makassar.

·      Neither my sister nor my brothers are in Makssar.

            3.   Subordinating conjunction

Subordinating conjuctions, juga disebut ‘subordinators’, merupakan kata penghubung yang memperkenalkan sebuah kalimat. Kata penghubung ‘subordinating’ digunakan dalam adverb clause yang mana tidak bisa berdiri sendiri tanpa adanya kalimat yang menggandengnya. Contoh kata penghubung ‘subordinating’ yaitu sebagai berikut.

Time: after, before, when, while, as, as soon as, since, until, by the time, once, whenever, every time etc.

Cause and effect: because, now that, since etc.

Contrast: even though, although, though etc.

Direct contrast: while, whereas etc.

Condition: if, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, in case, in the even that etc.

Contoh dalam bentuk kalimat:

·      Because he was sleepy, he went to bed. [memakai koma]

·      He went to bed because he was sleepy. [tanpa koma]

·      Now that the semester is over, I’m going to go to my hometown. [memakai koma]

·      Since it’s raining, I can’t go to campuss. [memakai koma]

‘Since’ berarti ‘karena’, dan ‘now that’ berarti ‘karena sekarang.’

Untuk lebih jauh mengenai subordinating conjuction silahakan mencari buku yang membahasnya secara mendetail.

adverbial clauses and direct & indirect speech

 Adverbial Clause

Adverbial Clause adalah anak kalimat yang menjelaskan tentang induk kalimatnya. Anak kalimat inilah yang disebut dengan Adverbial clause. Anak kalimat menjelaskan induk kalimatnya dengan terlebih dahulu didahului oleh kata sambung (conjunction) tertentu.
Cara membentuk Main Clause dan Adverbial Clause adalah sama. Main Clause dan Adverbial Clause masing-masing dibentuk dari sebuah subject dan predicate. Penempatan conjunction yang membedakan Main Clause dan Adverbial Clause ditulis atau diucapkan ditengah-tengah.

Subject + Predicate + Conjunction + Subject + Predicate
Kalimat yang digaris bawahi merupakan Adverbial Clause. Posisi dari Adverbial Clause bisa dipindah kedepan sesuai dengan kebermaknaan dari kalimatnya. Ada beberapa jenis Adverbial Clause, masing-masing dibedakan dari conjunctionnya, dengan arti lain, Adverbial Clause bisa dikenali dari conjunction dan begitu pula sebaliknya, kita tinggal memilih conjunction yang tepat sesuai dengan jenis Adverbial Clause nya.

Dibawah ini jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause beserta conjunctionnya:

1. Clause of Time
(when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,til)
• While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
• By the time I arrive, Ryan will have left.
• You may begin when(ever) you are ready.

2. Clause of Place
(where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere)
• They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
• Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.

3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)
(although, though, while)
• Jellyta wanted to stop, while I wanted to go on.
• Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.

4. Clause of Manner
(as, like, the way)
• He did as I told him.
• They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.

5. Clause of Purpose and Result
(so..that)
•She bought a book so (that) she could learn English

6. Clause of Cause and Effect
(because, since, as)
• Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
• Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.

7. Clause of Condition
(if, even if, unless)
If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
• She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.

8. purpose clauses
(in order to, so that, in order that)
•They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
•She bought a book so (that) she could learn English



EXAMPLE :

1.      Where do you eat this food ?

Answer : In steak 21

2.      Where does any breaktime ?

Answer : In canteen

3.      When do you go to cinema 21 ?

Answer : At 11 am

4.      When does vally course english

Answer : Every Monday

5.      How often does any watch movie ?

Answer : Rarely

6.      You didn’t look fine when I meet you this morning

7.      While father was washing his car, I was making up my bedroom

8.      After they returned the book to the library, they went home

9.      You can keep that note as long as you like

10.  Please call me as soon as you are at home

Referensi:
http://ryanferdiansyah.blogspot.com/2011/02/adverbial-clauses.html

 direct & indirect speech

 

KALIMAT LANGSUNG DAN KALIMAT TIDAK LANGSUNG

KALIMAT LANGSUNG (DIRECT SPEECH)

Kalimat langsung (direct speech) adalah perkataan langsung yang di ucapkan pembicara.

Apa bila kita mengutip atau menirukan langsung secara sama apa yang dibicarakan tanpa mengubah susunan kata-katanya sedikitpun, maka kutipan tersebut dinamakan kutipan langsung atau kalimat langsung.

·         Kalimat langsung terdiri dari dua bagian, yaitu:

1.       Reporting verb = kata kerja yang melaporkan

2.       Reported words = kata-kata yang dilaporkan

Contoh:

·         Billy says, “I go to school everyday”

Billy berkata, saya pergi kesekolah setiap hari

Pada contoh kalimat diatas yang menjadi reporting verbnya adalah “billy says (billy barkata)”, sedangkan yang menjadi reported wordsnya adalah “I go to school everyday (saya pergi kesekolah setiap hari)”.

Ada beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan pada bentuk direct speech (kalimat lansung) ini, yaitu:

1.       Dalam kalimat langsung pada umumnya antara reporting verb dengan reported word dipisahkan oleh tanda koma (,).

2.       Reported words dalam kalimat kalimat langsung ditulis dalam tanda kutip (quotation marks).

3.       Reporting verb dapat juga disebut reporting sentence (kalimat pelapor), sedangkan reported words dapat disebut juga reported speech atau reported sentence (kalimat yang dilaporkan)

4.       Letak dari reporting verb tidak harus berada di awal kalimat, tetapi dapat juga reporting verb berada di akhir kalimat. Perhatikan contoh dibawah ini:

·         He said, “I am happy”

Dia berkata, “saya gembira”.

“I am happy”, he said.

“saya gembira”, dia berkata.

·         George said, “ idon’t like banana”

George berkata, “saya tidak suka pisang”.

“I don’t like banana”, said George.

“saya tidak suka pisang”, kata George.

Perhatikan baik-baik kedua contoh di atas!

Apabila dalam kalimat aktif subyeknya merupakan kata ganti orang (personal pronoun) misalnya he, she, it, etc, maka diletakkan dibelakang, subyek tersebut diletakan setelah reported wordsnya (contoh kalimat pertama) tanpa mengalami perubahan bentuk susunan.

Apabila dalam kalimat aktif subyeknya merupakan kata benda nama diri (proper noun) misalnya billy, George, tracy, etc, maka bila diletakkan dibelakang, subyek tersebut terletak diakhir kalimat (contoh kalimat kedua) tanpa mengalami perubahan bentuk.

KALIMAT TIDAK LANGSUNG (INDIRECT SPEECH)

Kalimat tak langsung (indirect speech) adalah kalimat yang diucapkan untuk menyampaikan pernyataan seseorang kepada orang lain.

Apabila kita menceritakan apa yang dikatakan seseorang dengan maksud yang sama, tetapi susunan dan kata-katanya tidak sama atau ada perubahan, maka kalimat tersebut dinamakan kalimat tak langsung (indirect speech).

Contoh:

                D : shesays, “I’m very good in English”.

                     Dia berkata, “saya sangat mahir dalam bahasa inggris”.

                I : she says that he is very good in englis.

                    Dia berkata bahwa dia sangat mahir dalam bahasa inggris.

Dari kedua contoh diatas antara direct speech (d) dan indirect speech (i) dapat anda liat jelas perbedaannya.

Ada beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan dalam kalimat tak langsung ini, yaitu:

1.       Dalam kalimat tak langsung (indirect speech), antara reporting verb dan reported wordnya di hubungkan oleh kata penghubung (conjunction).

2.       Dalam kalimat tak langsung tanda kutip tidak berguna.

Berdasarkan jenis kalimat yang dilaporkan (reported word), maka direct and indirect speech dapat dibagi menjadi tiga golongan, yaitu:

1.       Command and request (perintah dan permohonan)

2.       Statement (pernyataan)

3.       Question (pertanyaan)

Untuk lebih jelasnya akan dibahs satu-persatu dibawah ini.

1.  Command and request (kalimat perintah dan permohonan)

Pada umumnya reporting verb (kata kerja yang melaporkan) menggunakan kata kerja: ask (meminta), tell (berkata), beg (meminta). Sedangkan pada kalimat tak langsung, kata kerja tersebut langsung diikuti to infinitive (kata kerja dasar). Atau antara reporting verb dengan reported word dihubungkan oleh “to (untuk)”.

Contoh:

D         :               George told him, “pay attention to what I say”.

                            George berkata padanya, “perhatikan apa yang saya ucapkan”.

I           :               George told him to pay attention to what he said.

                            = George berkata padanya untuk memperhatikan apa yang di ucapkan.

2.  Statement (pernyataan)

Pada umumnya reporting verb (kata kerja yang melaporkan) menggunakan kata kerja : say (berkata), tell (berkata). Sedangkan dalam kalimat tak langsungnya antara reporting verb dengan reported word dihubungkan dengan “that (bahwa)”.

Contoh:

D         :               he said, “ I have seen the movie”.

                            Dia berkata, “ saya telah melihat film itu”.

I           :               he said that he had seen the movie.

                            Dia berkata bahwa dia pernahmelihat film itu.

3.  Question (pertanyaan)

    Bila kalimat Tanya menggunakan auxiliary verb (kata kerja bantu)

 Pada umumnya reporting verb (kata kerja yang melaporkan) menggunakan kata kerja : ask (bertanya). Sedangkan dalam kalimat tak langsungnya antara reporting verb dengan reported words dihubungkan dengan kata “if & wether (jika, apakah)”. 

Contoh:

D         :               I asked her, “do you like banana?”

                            Saya bertanya padanya, “apakah kamu suka pisang?”

I           :               I asked her if I liked banana.

                            Saya bertanya padanya apakah dia suka pisang.

Bila kalimat Tanya menggunakan kata Tanya (question word) dalam bentuk kalimat tak langsung, kata Tanya yang digunakan dalam kalimat langsung dirubah menjadi kata penghubung antara reporting verb dengan reported words.  

 

The direct speech: "I like it," he said. "Irene is late," he thought. "I will pass the exam," she hoped.

The reported speech: He said he liked it. He thought that Irene was late. She hoped she would pass the exam.

The reported speech is typically introduced by verbs such as say, tell, admit, complain, explain, remind, reply, think, hope, offer, refuse etc. in the past tense. 

He said (that) he didn't want it.

She explained that she had been at the seaside.

If these verbs are in the past tense, we change the following:

a) verb tenses and verb forms,

b) pronouns,

c) the adverbs of time and place.

A) Verb tenses

We change the tenses in the following way:

1. Present - past

"I never understand you," she told me. - She told me she never understood me.  

"We are doing exercises," he explained. - He explained that they were doing exercises.

2. Present perfect - past perfect

"I have broken the window," he admitted. - He admitted that he had broken the window.

"I have been waiting since the morning," he complained. - He complained that he had been waiting since the morning.

3. Past - past perfect

"She went to Rome," I thought. - I thought that she had gone to Rome.

"He was thinking of buying a new car," she said. - She said he had been thinking of buying a new car.

4. Will - conditional

Will changes into the conditional.

"I will come on Sunday," he reminded me. - He reminded me that he would come on Sunday.

Notes

I shall, we shall usually become would.

"I shall appreciate it," he said. - He said he would appreciate it.

I should, we should usually changes into would.

"We should be really glad," she told us. - She told us they would be really glad.

May becomes might.

"I may write to him," she promised. - She promised that she might write to him.

The verb forms remain the same the following cases.

1. If the reporting verb is in the present tense.

Bill: "I am enjoying my holiday." - Bill says he is enjoying his holiday.

Sandy: "I will never go to work." - Sandy says she will never go to work.

2. When we report something that is still true.

Dan: "Asia is the largest continent." - Dan said Asia is the largest continent.

Emma: "People in Africa are starving." - Emma said people in Africa are starving.

3. When a sentence is made and reported at the same time and the fact is still true.

Michael: "I am thirsty." - Michael said he is thirsty.

4. With modal verbs would, might, could, should, ought to, used to.

George: "I would try it." - George said he would try it.

Mimi: "I might come." - Mimi said she might come.

Steve: "I could fail." - Steve said he could fail.

Linda: "He should/ought to stay in bed." - Linda said he should/ought to stay in bed.

Mel: "I used to have a car." - Mel said he used to have a car.

5. After wish, would rather, had better, it is time.

Margo: "I wish they were in Greece." - Margo said she wished they were in Greece.

Matt: "I would rather fly." - Matt said he would rather fly.

Betty: "They had better go." - Betty said they had better go.

Paul: "It is time I got up." - Paul said it was time he got up.

6. In if-clauses.

Martha: "If I tidied my room, my dad would be happy." - Martha said that if she tidied her room, her dad would be happy.

7. In time-clauses.

Joe: "When I was staying in Madrid I met my best friend." - He said that when he was staying in Madrid he met his best friend.

8. We do not change the past tense in spoken English if it is clear from the situation when the action happened.

"She did it on Sunday," I said. - I said she did it on Sunday.

We must change it, however, in the following sentence, otherwise it will not be clear whether we are talking about the present or past feelings.

"I hated her," he said. - He said he had hated her.

9. We do not usually change the modal verbs must and needn't. But must can become had to or would have to and needn't can become didn't have to or wouldn't have to if we want to express an obligation.

Would/wouldn't have to are used to talk about future obligations.

"I must wash up." - He said he must wash up/he had to wash up.

"I needn't be at school today."    - He said he needn't be/didn't have to be at school that day.

"We must do it in June." - He said they would have to do it in June.

If the modal verb must does not express obligation, we do not change it.

"We must relax for a while." (suggestion) - He said they must relax for a while.

"You must be tired after such a trip." (certainty) - He said we must be tired after such a trip.