Adverbial Clause
Adverbial Clause adalah anak kalimat
yang menjelaskan tentang induk kalimatnya. Anak kalimat inilah yang disebut
dengan Adverbial clause. Anak kalimat menjelaskan induk kalimatnya dengan
terlebih dahulu didahului oleh kata sambung (conjunction) tertentu.
Cara membentuk Main Clause dan Adverbial Clause adalah sama. Main Clause dan Adverbial Clause masing-masing dibentuk dari sebuah subject dan predicate. Penempatan conjunction yang membedakan Main Clause dan Adverbial Clause ditulis atau diucapkan ditengah-tengah.
Subject + Predicate + Conjunction + Subject + Predicate
Kalimat yang digaris bawahi merupakan Adverbial Clause. Posisi dari Adverbial Clause bisa dipindah kedepan sesuai dengan kebermaknaan dari kalimatnya. Ada beberapa jenis Adverbial Clause, masing-masing dibedakan dari conjunctionnya, dengan arti lain, Adverbial Clause bisa dikenali dari conjunction dan begitu pula sebaliknya, kita tinggal memilih conjunction yang tepat sesuai dengan jenis Adverbial Clause nya.
Dibawah ini jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause beserta conjunctionnya:
1. Clause of Time
(when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,til)
• While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
• By the time I arrive, Ryan will have left.
• You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
2. Clause of Place
(where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere)
• They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
• Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)
(although, though, while)
• Jellyta wanted to stop, while I wanted to go on.
• Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
4. Clause of Manner
(as, like, the way)
• He did as I told him.
• They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.
5. Clause of Purpose and Result
(so..that)
•She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
6. Clause of Cause and Effect
(because, since, as)
• Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
• Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
7. Clause of Condition
(if, even if, unless)
If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
• She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
8. purpose clauses
(in order to, so that, in order that)
•They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
•She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
EXAMPLE :
Cara membentuk Main Clause dan Adverbial Clause adalah sama. Main Clause dan Adverbial Clause masing-masing dibentuk dari sebuah subject dan predicate. Penempatan conjunction yang membedakan Main Clause dan Adverbial Clause ditulis atau diucapkan ditengah-tengah.
Subject + Predicate + Conjunction + Subject + Predicate
Kalimat yang digaris bawahi merupakan Adverbial Clause. Posisi dari Adverbial Clause bisa dipindah kedepan sesuai dengan kebermaknaan dari kalimatnya. Ada beberapa jenis Adverbial Clause, masing-masing dibedakan dari conjunctionnya, dengan arti lain, Adverbial Clause bisa dikenali dari conjunction dan begitu pula sebaliknya, kita tinggal memilih conjunction yang tepat sesuai dengan jenis Adverbial Clause nya.
Dibawah ini jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause beserta conjunctionnya:
1. Clause of Time
(when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,til)
• While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
• By the time I arrive, Ryan will have left.
• You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
2. Clause of Place
(where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere)
• They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
• Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)
(although, though, while)
• Jellyta wanted to stop, while I wanted to go on.
• Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
4. Clause of Manner
(as, like, the way)
• He did as I told him.
• They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.
5. Clause of Purpose and Result
(so..that)
•She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
6. Clause of Cause and Effect
(because, since, as)
• Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
• Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
7. Clause of Condition
(if, even if, unless)
If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
• She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
8. purpose clauses
(in order to, so that, in order that)
•They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
•She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
EXAMPLE :
1.
Where do you eat this food ?
Answer
: In steak 21
2.
Where does any breaktime ?
Answer
: In canteen
3.
When do you go to cinema 21 ?
Answer
: At 11 am
4.
When does vally course english
Answer
: Every Monday
5.
How often does any watch movie ?
Answer
: Rarely
6.
You didn’t look fine when I meet you
this morning
7.
While father was washing his car, I
was making up my bedroom
8.
After they returned the book to the
library, they went home
9.
You can keep that note as long as
you like
10.
Please call me as soon as you are at
home
direct & indirect speech
KALIMAT LANGSUNG DAN KALIMAT TIDAK LANGSUNG
KALIMAT LANGSUNG (DIRECT SPEECH)
Kalimat langsung (direct speech) adalah perkataan langsung
yang di ucapkan pembicara.
Apa bila kita mengutip atau menirukan langsung secara sama
apa yang dibicarakan tanpa mengubah susunan kata-katanya sedikitpun, maka
kutipan tersebut dinamakan kutipan langsung atau kalimat langsung.
·
Kalimat langsung terdiri dari dua bagian, yaitu:
1.
Reporting verb = kata kerja yang melaporkan
2.
Reported words = kata-kata yang dilaporkan
Contoh:
·
Billy says, “I go to school everyday”
Billy berkata, saya pergi kesekolah
setiap hari
Pada contoh kalimat diatas yang menjadi reporting verbnya
adalah “billy says (billy barkata)”, sedangkan yang menjadi reported wordsnya
adalah “I go to school everyday (saya pergi kesekolah setiap hari)”.
Ada beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan pada bentuk direct
speech (kalimat lansung) ini, yaitu:
1.
Dalam kalimat langsung pada umumnya antara
reporting verb dengan reported word dipisahkan oleh tanda koma (,).
2.
Reported words dalam kalimat kalimat langsung
ditulis dalam tanda kutip (quotation marks).
3.
Reporting verb dapat juga disebut reporting
sentence (kalimat pelapor), sedangkan reported words dapat disebut juga
reported speech atau reported sentence (kalimat yang dilaporkan)
4.
Letak dari reporting verb tidak harus berada di
awal kalimat, tetapi dapat juga reporting verb berada di akhir kalimat.
Perhatikan contoh dibawah ini:
·
He said, “I am happy”
Dia berkata, “saya gembira”.
“I am happy”, he said.
“saya gembira”, dia berkata.
·
George said, “ idon’t like banana”
George berkata, “saya tidak suka pisang”.
“I don’t like banana”, said George.
“saya tidak suka pisang”, kata George.
Perhatikan baik-baik kedua contoh di atas!
Apabila dalam kalimat aktif subyeknya merupakan kata ganti
orang (personal pronoun) misalnya he, she, it, etc, maka diletakkan dibelakang,
subyek tersebut diletakan setelah reported wordsnya (contoh kalimat pertama)
tanpa mengalami perubahan bentuk susunan.
Apabila dalam kalimat aktif subyeknya merupakan kata benda
nama diri (proper noun) misalnya billy, George, tracy, etc, maka bila
diletakkan dibelakang, subyek tersebut terletak diakhir kalimat (contoh kalimat
kedua) tanpa mengalami perubahan bentuk.
KALIMAT TIDAK LANGSUNG (INDIRECT SPEECH)
Kalimat tak langsung (indirect speech) adalah kalimat yang
diucapkan untuk menyampaikan pernyataan seseorang kepada orang lain.
Apabila kita menceritakan apa yang dikatakan seseorang
dengan maksud yang sama, tetapi susunan dan kata-katanya tidak sama atau ada
perubahan, maka kalimat tersebut dinamakan kalimat tak langsung (indirect
speech).
Contoh:
D : shesays,
“I’m very good in English”.
Dia berkata, “saya sangat mahir dalam
bahasa inggris”.
I : she
says that he is very good in englis.
Dia berkata bahwa dia sangat mahir dalam
bahasa inggris.
Dari kedua contoh diatas antara direct speech (d) dan
indirect speech (i) dapat anda liat jelas perbedaannya.
Ada beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan dalam kalimat tak
langsung ini, yaitu:
1.
Dalam kalimat tak langsung (indirect speech),
antara reporting verb dan reported wordnya di hubungkan oleh kata penghubung
(conjunction).
2.
Dalam kalimat tak langsung tanda kutip tidak
berguna.
Berdasarkan jenis kalimat yang dilaporkan (reported word),
maka direct and indirect speech dapat dibagi menjadi tiga golongan, yaitu:
1.
Command and request (perintah dan permohonan)
2.
Statement (pernyataan)
3.
Question (pertanyaan)
Untuk lebih jelasnya akan dibahs
satu-persatu dibawah ini.
1. Command and request (kalimat perintah dan permohonan)
Pada umumnya reporting verb (kata kerja yang melaporkan) menggunakan kata
kerja: ask (meminta), tell (berkata), beg (meminta). Sedangkan pada kalimat tak
langsung, kata kerja tersebut langsung diikuti to infinitive (kata kerja
dasar). Atau antara reporting verb dengan reported word dihubungkan oleh “to
(untuk)”.
Contoh:
D : George told him, “pay attention to what I say”.
George
berkata padanya, “perhatikan apa yang saya ucapkan”.
I : George told him to pay attention to what he said.
= George
berkata padanya untuk memperhatikan apa yang di ucapkan.
2. Statement (pernyataan)
Pada umumnya reporting verb (kata kerja yang melaporkan) menggunakan kata
kerja : say (berkata), tell (berkata). Sedangkan dalam kalimat tak langsungnya
antara reporting verb dengan reported word dihubungkan dengan “that (bahwa)”.
Contoh:
D : he said, “ I have seen the movie”.
Dia
berkata, “ saya telah melihat film itu”.
I : he said that he had seen the movie.
Dia
berkata bahwa dia pernahmelihat film itu.
3. Question (pertanyaan)
Bila kalimat Tanya
menggunakan auxiliary verb (kata kerja bantu)
Pada umumnya
reporting verb (kata kerja yang melaporkan) menggunakan kata kerja : ask
(bertanya). Sedangkan dalam kalimat tak langsungnya antara reporting verb
dengan reported words dihubungkan dengan kata “if & wether (jika,
apakah)”.
Contoh:
D : I asked her, “do you like
banana?”
Saya
bertanya padanya, “apakah kamu suka pisang?”
I : I asked her if I liked banana.
Saya
bertanya padanya apakah dia suka pisang.
Bila kalimat Tanya menggunakan kata Tanya (question word)
dalam bentuk kalimat tak langsung, kata Tanya yang digunakan dalam kalimat
langsung dirubah menjadi kata penghubung antara reporting verb dengan reported
words.
The direct speech:
"I like it," he said.
"Irene is late," he thought. "I will pass the exam," she
hoped.
The reported
speech: He said he liked it. He
thought that Irene was late. She hoped she would pass the exam.
The reported speech
is typically introduced by verbs such as say,
tell, admit, complain, explain, remind, reply, think, hope, offer, refuse
etc. in the past tense.
He said (that) he didn't want it.
She explained that she had been at the seaside.
If these verbs are in
the past tense, we change the following:
a) verb tenses and
verb forms,
b) pronouns,
c) the adverbs of
time and place.
A) Verb
tenses
We change the tenses
in the following way:
1. Present - past
"I never understand you," she told me. - She told
me she never understood me.
"We are doing exercises," he explained. - He
explained that they were doing exercises.
2. Present perfect -
past perfect
"I have broken the window," he admitted. - He
admitted that he had broken the window.
"I have been waiting since the morning," he
complained. - He complained that he had been waiting since the morning.
3. Past - past
perfect
"She went to Rome," I thought. - I thought that
she had gone to Rome.
"He was thinking of buying a new car," she said. -
She said he had been thinking of buying a new car.
4. Will - conditional
Will
changes into the conditional.
"I will come on Sunday," he reminded me. - He
reminded me that he would come on Sunday.
Notes
I shall, we shall usually become would.
"I shall appreciate it," he said. - He said he
would appreciate it.
I should, we should usually changes into would.
"We should be really glad," she told us. - She
told us they would be really glad.
May
becomes might.
"I may write to him," she promised. - She promised
that she might write to him.
The verb forms remain
the same the following cases.
1. If the reporting
verb is in the present tense.
Bill: "I am enjoying my holiday." - Bill says he
is enjoying his holiday.
Sandy: "I will never go to work." - Sandy says she
will never go to work.
2. When we report
something that is still true.
Dan: "Asia is the largest continent." - Dan said
Asia is the largest continent.
Emma: "People in Africa are starving." - Emma said
people in Africa are starving.
3. When a
sentence is made and reported at the same time and the fact is still true.
Michael: "I am thirsty." - Michael said he is
thirsty.
4. With modal verbs would, might, could, should, ought to, used
to.
George: "I would try it." - George said he would
try it.
Mimi: "I might come." - Mimi said she might come.
Steve: "I could fail." - Steve said he could fail.
Linda: "He should/ought to stay in bed." - Linda
said he should/ought to stay in bed.
Mel: "I used to have a car." - Mel said he used to
have a car.
5. After wish, would rather, had better, it is time.
Margo: "I wish they were in Greece." - Margo said
she wished they were in Greece.
Matt: "I would rather fly." - Matt said he would
rather fly.
Betty: "They had better go." - Betty said they had
better go.
Paul: "It is time I got up." - Paul said it was
time he got up.
6. In if-clauses.
Martha: "If I tidied my room, my dad would be
happy." - Martha said that if she tidied her room, her dad would be happy.
7. In time-clauses.
Joe: "When I was staying in Madrid I met my best
friend." - He said that when he was staying in Madrid he met his best
friend.
8. We do not change
the past tense in spoken English if it is clear from the situation when
the action happened.
"She did it on Sunday," I said. - I said she did
it on Sunday.
We must
change it, however, in the following sentence, otherwise it will not be
clear whether we are talking about the present or past feelings.
"I hated her," he said. - He said he had hated
her.
9. We do not usually
change the modal verbs must and
needn't. But must can become had to or would have to and needn't
can become didn't have to or wouldn't have to if we want to
express an obligation.
Would/wouldn't have to are used to talk about future obligations.
"I must wash up." - He said he must wash up/he had
to wash up.
"I needn't be at school today."
- He said he needn't be/didn't have to be at school that day.
"We must do it in June." - He said they would have
to do it in June.
If the modal verb must does not express obligation, we do
not change it.
"We must relax for a while." (suggestion) - He
said they must relax for a while.
"You must be tired after such a trip." (certainty)
- He said we must be tired after such a trip.
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